CHEMISTRY STANDARDS OF LEARNING

CH. 1 The student will investigate and understand that experiments in which

variables are measured, analyzed, and evaluated produce observations

and verifiable data.

Key concepts include:

a) Designated laboratory techniques;

b) Safe use of chemicals and equipment;

c) Proper response to emergency situations;

d) Multiples variables are manipulated with repeated trials;

e) Accurate recording, organizing, and analysis of data through repeated trials;

f) Mathematical and procedural error analysis;

g) Mathematical manipulations (SI units, scientific notation, linear equations, graphing, ratio and proportion, significant digits, dimensional analysis, use of scientific calculator).

CH 2. The student will investigate and understand that the placement of elements on the periodic table is a function of their atomic structure. The periodic table is a tool used for the investigations of

a) Mass/atomic number;

b) Isotopes/half-lives/nuclear particles

c) Particle/mass charge;

d) Families/groups/series/periods;

e) Trends/patterns: atomic/nuclear radii, electronegativity, shielding effect;

f) Electron configurations/oxidation numbers;

g) Chemical/physical properties;

h) Historical/quantum models.

CH. 3 The student will investigate and understand how conservation of energy and matter is expressed in chemical formulas and balanced equations.

Key concepts include:

a) Nomenclature;

b) Balancing chemical equations;

c) Writing chemical formulas – molecular, structural, empirical and Lewis diagrams;

d) Bonding types – ionic, covalent;

e) Reaction types – synthesis, decomposition, single and double displacement, oxidation-reduction, neutralization, nuclear, exothermic and endothermic, spontaneous/non-spontaneous, dissociation ionization;

f) Physical and chemical equilibrium;

g) Reaction rates and kinetics: activation energy, catalysis, degree of randomness.

CH. 4 The student will investigate and understand that quantities in a chemical reaction are based on molar relationships.

Key concepts include

a) Avogadro’s principle, molar volume;

b) Stoichiometric relationships;

c) Partial pressure;

d) Gas laws

e) Solution concentrations

f) Chemical equilibrium;

g) Acid/base theory: strong/weak electrolytes, dissociation/ionization (pH, pOH), and titration.

CH. 5 The student will investigate and understand that the phases of matter are explained by kinetic theory and forces of attraction between particles.

Key concepts include

a) Pressure, temperature, and volume;

b) Vapor pressure;

c) Partial pressure;

d) Phase changes;

e) Molar heats of fusion and vaporization;

f) Specific heat of capacity;

g) Solutions;

h) Colligative properties.

CH. 6

The student will investigate and understand how basic chemical principles relate to other areas of chemistry.

Key concepts include;

a) Organic and biochemistry;

b) Nuclear chemistry;

c) Environmental chemistry.