1	THE MOLECULES OF CELLS INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC AND BIOCHEMISTRY
2	CARBON Carbon is the basis for the natural world (biological) because of its ability to bond to itself in long chains or rings. Carbon will also covalently bond to H₂,N₂,O₂, S and the halogens. All bio-molecules are the result of these bondings, such as skin, cells, fur, feathers, hides, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, dyes, insecticides, perfumes, flavorings and foods.
3	CARBON Fossil fuels, plastics, rubber, synthetic and natural fibers, artificial sweeteners, drugs are the result of research into organic chemistry. There are more than 6 million organic compounds known; only 60,000 inorganic compounds are known.
4	PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Most properties are determined by the bonding between the C-C and the C-other elements. Carbon has 4 electrons in its valence level and each electron forms a covalent sp³ hybrid bond with another carbon or other element.
5	HYDROCARBONS Hydrocarbons are the compounds composed only of carbon and hydrogen. These compounds can be saturated or unsaturated. Saturated hydrocarbons have single bonds between the carbons and are saturated with the most hydrogens it can hold. Unsaturated have double or triple bonds between the carbons.
6	NAMING HYDROCARBONS The hydrocarbons are divided into classes based on the single, double or triple bonds: Alkanes are single bonded Alkenes are double bonded Alkynes are triple bonded
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8	HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES Hydrocarbon derivatives are organic molecules that contain more elements than just carbon and hydrogen. The portion of the chain that contains other elements is called the functional group. Each functional group causes the molecule to exhibit characteristics that are special to that group. The remainder of the chain is designated as the R- group.
9	POLARITY The functional group can be hydrophilic (water-loving) which creates a polar end to the molecule and therefore it will dissolve in water. OR Hydrophobic (water-fearing) which means it has no polar end so will not dissolve in water.
10	FUNCTIONAL GROUPS There are four functional groups that are commonly found in molecules made by or used by organisms: 1. Hydroxyl (-OH) is bonded to the carbon chain either at the end of the chain or in the middle. This group is called the alcohols and includes methanol, ethanol and propanol. They are named by dropping the –e of the root name and adding –ol.
11	FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 2. A Carbonyl group has a double bonded oxygen atom attached to a carbon. -C=O If the carbonyl is on the end of the chain, it is an aldehyde. These are named by dropping the -e of the root name and adding –al. ex. Methanal, ethanal. If the carbonyl is in the middle of a chain, it is a ketone. These are named by dropping the –e of the root name and adding –one. Ex. Propanone (acetone), butanone.
12	FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 3. The carboxyl group combines the hydroxyl and carbonyl to make a carbon on the end of a chain have a double-bonded oxygen atom and a hydroxyl group. These compounds will lose a H⁺ making them act like acids. They are named by dropping the –e of the root name and adding -oic with acid. Ex. Methanoic acid (formic acid), ethanoic acid (acetic acid-vinegar)
13	FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 4. The amine group adds a nitrogen atom to the carbon chain, either at the end or in the middle of the chain. They are named by dropping the -e of the root named and adding -amine. Ex. Methanamine, ethanamine. If the amine replaces the hydroxyl on an acid, it is called an amino acid group. These have there own names such as glycine, alanine.
14	FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Many compounds have more than one functional group. Most sugars have hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in the carbon chain.
15	MACROMOLECULES Macromolecules consist of thousands of atoms that are bonded together in a certain way. They are put together from smaller molecules called monomers to form one long polymer. The 4 classes of macromolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
16	MACROMOLECULES To form these macromolecules, the cell will combine the monomers by removing a hydroxyl group from one monomer and a hydrogen from another to make a water molecule. This is called dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction. When the cell needs to use the macromolecule, it can perform hydrolysis, which breaks the covalent bond that joins the monomers and breaks the polymer apart.